| 24.7.2010 |
Indo-European |
PGmc (Bammes-berger 1990) |
PGmc (Boutkan 1995) |
PGmc (Univ. Texas) |
PGmc (Ringe 2006) |
Proto-Norse (Haugen 1982) |
Proto-Norse (Boutkan 1995) |
Old Runic |
*Old Pernesian 'father', 'the brother' |
*Old Pernesian 'mother', 'the sister' |
ON |
Go. |
OE |
OHG |
| Nom.sg. |
-ēr/-ōr |
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faðēr/swes(t)ōr |
faðēr |
brōþēr |
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faðer/ swestar |
swestar |
fàþir, brṑþerinn |
mōþer, systeren |
faþer |
brōþar |
fæder |
fater |
| Voc.sg. |
-er |
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brōþer |
mōðar/ swestar |
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?swestar |
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| Acc.sg. |
-er-m |
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faðeruN/ swestaruN |
faðerun |
brōþerų |
mōðarũ |
faðurũ/ swesturũ |
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fàþur, brṑþoren |
mōþor, systorena |
fǫþur |
brōþar |
fæder |
fater |
| Gen.sg. |
-r-os |
brōþraz/ brōþuraz |
faðras/ mōðurs |
faðrez |
brōþurz |
mōðraz |
faðurs/ mōðurs |
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fàþur(s), brṑþor(s)ens |
mōþor(s), systorennar |
fǫþur |
brōþrs |
fæder(es)/ feadur |
fater(es) |
| Dat.sg. |
-r-ei |
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brōþri |
mōðri |
faðri |
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fǽþær/fàþur, brǿþrenom/brṑþornom |
mōþor, systorenne |
feþr |
brōþr |
fæder |
fater(e) |
| Loc.sg. |
-er-i |
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faðri |
faðer(i) |
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| Nom.pl. |
-er-es/-or-es |
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faðeres |
fað(e)riz |
brōþriz? |
mōðriz |
faðriz |
dohtriz |
fǽþær, brǿþrener |
mǿþær, systrenar |
feþr |
brōþrjus |
fæder(as)/ mōdru |
fatera |
| Acc.pl. |
-e/or-ns |
faðrunz |
faðeruns |
faðruns |
brōþrunz |
mōðriz |
faðrun// faðriz |
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fǽþær, brǿþrena |
mǿþær, systrenar |
feþr |
brōþruns |
fæder(as)/ fæderu |
fatera |
| Gen.pl. |
-r-om |
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faðraN |
faðrōn |
brōþrǭ̅ |
mōðrỗ |
faðrã |
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fæ̀þra, brø̀þranna |
mǿþra, systranna |
feþra |
brōþrē |
fædera |
fatero |
| Dat.pl. |
-r-mus |
faðurmis |
fað(u)rmus |
faðrumis |
brōþrumaz |
mōðrumz |
faðrum |
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fæ̀þrom, brø̀þromen |
mǿþrom, systromen |
feþrum |
brōþrum |
fæderum |
faterum |
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| Nom. sing. |
It is controversial whether PGmc *-ēr could have resulted in ON -er/-ir. Some scholars would expect **-ar due to the fact that /ē/ > /ǣ/ in NWGmc. |
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On the other hand any other source for ON -er/-ir is hard to concieve. Elmer Antonsen f.ex. assumes full syncope and epenthetic vowel. |
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The matter is further confused by the Old Runic reading swestar on the Tune stone. It may be a vocative, a representative of expected *swestǣr or |
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an archaic later representative of PGmc *swestōr all depending on the preferred approach to the development of the nom. sg. ending. |
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| Acc. sing. |
One possible source for the ON oblique ending -or/-ur is acc.sg. *-arũ with raising of* -a- under influence of *-ũ. This requires that the mutation |
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of *-er- to *-ar- be explained, either under influence of *-r- or by analogy from *swestarũ. |
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| Gen. sing. |
One possible source for the ON oblique ending -or/-ur is an IE acrostatic gen.sg. *-r̥s which could have spread from *méh2tr̥s or *bréh2tr̥s. |
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The chronology is complicated by the fact that *mātúrs must have had the accent shifted to the suffix before Verner's law, which makes |
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the form look rather anachronistic. |
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| Dat. sing. |
The forms look like a contamination of the zero grade suffix of the dative and the short ending of the locative. |
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| Nom.plur. |
Like in other consonant stems the ON form is introduced from the nominative. The transitional East-Norse inscription wintur on the Rök stone |
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is obscure regardless whether the word is interpreted as a u-stem as expected, or as an archaic consonant stem form as suggested by some. |
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| Acc. plur. |
The Old Norse form is levelled from the nominative. This development is hardly older than the corresponding leveling in u-stems. |
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| Gen. plur. |
The ending is problematic throughout all stem classes, the problems are not particular to r-stems |
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| Dat. plur. |
The ending is problematic throughout all stem classes, the problems are not particular to r-stems |
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